顾学范 韩连书 高晓岚 杨艳玲 叶军 邱文娟
【关键词】 光谱分析 ,质量 ; 代谢缺陷,先天性 ; 氨基酸类 ; 肉碱
A pilot study of selective screening for high risk children with inborn error of metabolism using tandem mass spectrometry in China GXue-fan, HAN Lian-shu, GAO Xiao-lan, YAN Yan-ling, YE Jun, QIU Wen-juan. Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092.CIlina
【Abstract 】0bjective The new technology of tandem mass spectrometry is exerting a significant impact on the diagnostics of inborn metabolic errors, and ahows to detect a number of these disorders in a single step.The aim of the present study was to establish a dry blood filter paper method for amino acid and acylcarnitine profiles test using tandem mass spectrometry and to apply the method for selective screening in high risk children with inborn error of metabolism.Method The study group consisted of 104 high risk cases of inborn error of metabolism from 5 pediatric hospitals in Shanghai and Beijing were tested from November 2002 to June 2003:77 were males and 27 females,the means age was 4.8±4.2 years.These patients had mental retardation, slow development, psychological abnormalities, muscle hypotonia,jaundice,hepatosplenomegaly,recurrentvomiting,and convulsion. Laboratory examinations suggested metabolic acidosis,hypoglycemia,hyperammonemia and hyperlactacidemia.Pbenylketonuria was excluded in this study by routine phenylalanine screening.The control group consisted of 308 children, 170 males and 138 females.The blood was colected on filter paper, punched and extracted into methanol solution with stable isotope labeled internal standards, then derivatized with butanolic-HCl.After preparation, the samples were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry(API2000).Results Ten of 104 patients(9.6%)were positive in our selective screening program,including one with tyrosinemia,one with homocystinuria,one with hyperornithinemia,two with methylmalonic acidemia,one with propionic acidemia,one with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency,two with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency,and one with camitine palmitoyl transferase type Ⅱ deficiency. Conclusion The authors established a fast, accurate and sensitive tandem mass spe ctrometrymetry method for ami no acid and acylcarnitine profiles analysis, nearly 30 metabolic diseases including amino acid disorders,organic acid disorders and fatty acid oxidation disorders could be detected.Most of the diseases that cause death and disability represent preventable entities by early diagnosis and treatment.The results indicated the importance of selective screening for high risk patients with inborn error of metabolism.
遗传性代谢病较多依赖生化与分子生物学方法,对技术和设备要求较高,往往是临床的诊治难点。[1,2]。随着人类疾病谱的改变和对出生缺陷的重视,近年国际上开展的串联质谱技术(tandem mass spectrometry,MS/MS),通过高效、快速分析干血滤纸片上氨基酸谱和酰基肉碱谱,为临床诊断提供了重要的技术支持,推动了遗传性代谢病的筛查和检验。现报道自2002年11月至2003年6月,我们采用新建立的MS/MS技术进行遗传性代谢病高危儿童筛查的初步结果。
一、对象
临床疑似遗传性代谢病高危儿童104例,分别来自上海第二医科大学附属新华医院、附属上海儿童医学中心,上海市儿科医学研究所,上海市儿童医院,北京大学附属一院,其中男77例,女27例,年龄(4.84-4.2)岁(1个月~14岁)。健康儿童308例(对照组),来自幼儿园和托儿所,其中男170例,女138例,年龄3.74-3.5岁。疑似遗传性代谢病高危儿童临床表现包括:智力落后、生长发育迟缓、精神行为异常、肌张力异常、黄疸、肝脾肿大、反复呕吐、抽搐等,也包括部分常规实验室检查提示有代谢性酸中毒、低血糖、高血氨、高乳酸血症等。由于所有标本在采用串联质谱技术检测前均常规用荧光方法测定苯丙氨酸,所以本研究不包括临床相对常见的苯丙酮尿症。标本采集用干血滤纸片法,手指采血,滴于专用采血滤纸(S&S903#)上,在空气中自然干燥,一20℃冰箱保存待检。
二、试剂、材料和同位素内标
试剂和材料:甲醇、正丁醇、乙酰氯、乙腈等的纯度均为高效液相色谱级,盐酸正丁醇(3mol/L)由正丁醇和乙酰氯按9:1(v:v)配制。氮气纯度为99.999%。96孔聚丙烯板,96孔过滤板(滤膜孔径0.45m)购自Millipore公司。
同位素内标及浓度:同位素内标均购自美国Cambridge Isotope Labs。氨基酸内标12种:15N,2-13C.甘氨酸(15N,2-13C-Gly,12.5μmol/L),2H-丙氨酸(2H4-Ala,2.5μmol/L),2H8-缬氨酸(2H8-Val,2.5μmol/L),2H3-亮氨酸(2H3-Leu,2.5μmol/L),2H3-蛋氨酸2H3-Met(2H3-Me,2.5μmol/L),2H5-苯丙氨酸(2H5-P2He,2.5μmol/L),13C6-酪氨酸(13C6-Tyr,2.5μmol/L),2H3-天冬氨酸(2H3-Asp,2,5μmol/L),2H3-谷氨酸(2H3-Glu,2.5μmol/L),2H2-鸟氨酸(2H2-Orn,2.5μmol/L),2H2-瓜氨酸(2H2-Cit,2.5μmol/L),2H4,13C.精氨酸(2H4,13C-Arg,2.5μmol/L)。酰基肉碱内标8种:2H-游离肉碱(2H9-carnitine,2H9-CO,0.76μmol/L),2H3-乙酰肉碱(2H3-acetylcarnitine,2H3-C2,019μmol/L),2H3-丙酰肉碱(2H3-propionylcarnitine,2H3-C3,0.04μmol/L),2H3-丁酰肉碱(2H3-butyrylcarnitine,2H3-C4,0.04μmol/L),2H9-异戊酰肉碱(2H9-isovalerylcarnitine,2H9-C5,0.04μmol/L),2H3-辛酰肉碱(2H3-octanoylcarrdtine,2H3-C8,0.19μmol/L),2H9-肉豆蔻酰肉碱(2H9-myristoylcarnitine,2H9-C14,0.04μmol/L),2H3-棕榈酰肉碱(2H3-palmitoylcarnitine,2H3-C16,0.08μmol/L)。上述同位素内标用甲醇稀释成工作液,4~C冰箱保存,1个月内用完。
三、仪器
API2000型串联质谱仪购自美国生物应用系统公司(Applied Biosysterms),高效液相仪采用美国安捷仑公司(Agilent 1100)产品。96孔板加热吹干装置为Techne Dri-Block DB-30。
四、测定方法
1.样品处理:参考文献[5],将干血滤纸片用打孔器制成直径3mm的圆形滤纸血片(相当于3.2μL全血),置于96孔过滤板中,每孔加入含氨基酸和酰基肉碱同位素内标的甲醇100μL,室温放置20min,萃取血片中的氨基酸和酰基肉碱,然后离心至另一个96孔聚丙烯板,50℃加热吹干,再加入60μL盐酸正丁醇(3mol/L),Teflon膜覆盖,置65℃恒温箱内15min,随后50℃加热吹干,再加入80%乙腈100μL溶解,铝膜覆盖,即可上样检测。
2.仪器设置:流动相采用80%乙腈,四元泵流速设置为30min,自动进样器设置为每次进样20。每次测定同时采用3种扫描方式进行检测。中性氨基酸采用中性丢失扫描方式(neutrol loss scan),中性丢失片断质荷比(m/z)为102Da,扫描范围为m/z 140~m/z 280;酰基肉碱采用母离子扫描方式(precursor scan),子离子为m/z 85Da片断,扫描范围为m/z 210~m/z 502;Gly、Orn、Arg、Cit采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitor,MRM),一个样品测试约需时间2min。
3.资料分析:定量分析采用软件ChemoView1.2版本(美国生物应用系统公司),根据同位素内标和各种丁酯化的氨基酸和酰基肉碱的离子峰强度,由已知浓度的内标,自动计算出所测样品中氨基酸和酰基肉碱的浓度。
4.方法准确性和重复性测定:采用美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)新生儿筛查质量保证部门提供的氨基酸和酰基肉碱串联质谱质控血滤纸片测试该技术的准确性。制备同一个健康人干血滤纸片进行批内和批间变异系数测定。
结 果
一、方法准确性和重复性
1. 方法准确性:用串联质谱仪对美国CDC提供的氨基酸和酰基肉碱质控干血滤纸片测试,氨基酸的准确性为102%一107%,酰基肉碱的准确性为104%一109%。
2. 方法重复性:氨基酸的批内和批间变异系数:a为7.6%和11.3%,Asp为8.3%和12.6%,Glu为8.1%和13.6%,Met为9.5%和11.O%,Phe为7.4%和12.2%,Tyr为9.7%和9.9%,Leu为8.3%和13.7%,Val为7.O%和12.1%,Arg为7.1%和14.3%,Cit为6.8%和10.9%,Gly为6.6%和11.5%,Orn为6.3%和13.O%。酰基肉碱批内和批间变异系数:CO为6.3%和12.4%,C2为8.9%和1O.4%,C3为6.5%和10.6%,C4为9.8%和11.7%,C5为6.7%和12.6%,C8为6.9%和12.9%,C14为9.1%和13.3%,C16为9.9%和10.3%。
二、遗传性代谢病选择性筛查的结果
经串联质谱仪选择性对104例临床疑似遗传性代谢病儿童检测,发现阳性病例1O例,占检测总数10%,各患儿资料见表1,质谱图见图1和图2。病种包括酪氨酸血症1例,同型胱氨酸血症1例,高鸟氨酸血症1例,甲基丙二酸血症2例,丙酸血症1例,3-羟基3-甲基戊二酸裂解酶缺乏症1例,中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症2例,酰基肉碱转移酶缺乏症Ⅱ型1例。
利用高灵敏性、高特异性、高选择性及快速检测的MS/MS仪,通过一次检测,判断数十种氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸代谢紊乱的疾病,在对临床疑似遗传性代谢病患者选择性筛查中发挥了重要的作用[7,8]。
利用高灵敏性、高特异性、高选择性及快速检测的MS/MS仪,通过一次检测,判断数十种氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸代谢紊乱的疾病,在对临床疑似遗传性代谢病患者选择性筛查中发挥了重要的作用[7,8]。
目前遗传性代谢病的确诊主要针对具体疾病的特异性生化改变、特异性酶活性或致病基因的突变进行检测。由于许多遗传性代谢病在临床表现方面无特异性,仅仅依靠临床表现及常规的实验室检查难以做出诊断。临床上许多儿童患有不明原因的反复呕吐、抽搐、肌张力低下、智力发育落后等,在实验室检查方面有代谢性酸中毒、低血糖、高乳酸血症、高氨血症等,因缺乏遗传性代谢病的特异性检查,得不到明确的诊断和及时救治,给患儿及其家庭带来沉重的负担。MS/MS技术的建立及其在临床检测的初步应用,为这些患儿提供了部分疾病的特异性检测和诊断技术。本组均是常规技术难以检测的疾病。日本Shigematsu[9]等报道选择性筛查164例高危儿童,阳性率为9.1%,包括11种疾病,其中鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症(OTC)2例,瓜氨酸血症Ⅱ型1例,戊二酸血症Ⅱ型2例,甲基丙二酸血症1例,3.甲基巴豆酰辅酶A羧化酶缺乏症1例,酰基肉碱转移酶缺乏症Ⅱ型1例,短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症1例,中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症1例,极长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症2例,长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症2例,多种羧化酶缺乏症1例。本研究选择性筛查高危儿童阳性率为9.6%,包括8种疾病,其中氨基酸代谢异常3例,有机酸血症4例,脂肪酸代谢异常3例。阳性率与日本报道接近,但疾病谱不同,这可能与种族差异及样本来源的选择有关,这方面的比较有待积累更多的资料。
MS/MS技术具有快速、准确、特异的特点,特别对脂肪酸代谢紊乱疾病的诊断较气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)有更大的优点,但对少数有机酸代谢疾病。如丙酸血症与甲基丙二酸血症,在质谱图上两者均表现为丙酰基肉碱的异常增高,此时单靠串联质谱检测尚不能准确鉴别这两种疾病,需要进一步采用GC/MS检测尿液中有机酸才能进行鉴别。所以在遗传性代谢病诊断方面,Ms/MS与GC/MS两者结合十分重要,通过两者互补,使诊断更为可靠。由于遗传性代谢病的疾病种类繁多,临床表现的多样性,特别是在疾病的发作间歇期可能检测阴性,所以MS/MS技术须与临床紧密结合,其他方法。例如酶学测定和分子生物学技术的联合应用也十分重要。
我国遗传性代谢病GC/MS技术、MS/MS技术平台的建立,全国遗传性代谢病高危筛查诊断协作网络的运作,为开展遗传性代谢病诊治的合作,提高我国遗传性代谢病诊治水平,正在发挥越来越重要的作用。MS/MS技术检测的疾病多数是可治的,前提是疾病的早期诊断和早期治疗。目前,部分发达国家还采用Ms/MS技术在新生儿中进行疾病筛查N1.12],为遗传性代谢病的预防开辟了新的领域。
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