上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院 上海 市儿科 医学研 究所 (上海 200092)
韩连书 高晓岚 叶 军 邱文娟 王 瑜 顾学范
Study of application of the tandem mass spectrometry in the diferential diagnosis of organic addemlas HANLian—shu,GA0Xiao—lan,YEJan,QIUWen-juan,WANG Yu,GUXue-fan. Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism,Shanghai institute for Pediatric Research;Xinhua Hospital. Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200092,China
Abstract: Objectives To investigate the efect of tandem mass spectrometry on the diferential diagnosis of organic acidemias. Methods Combined with gas-chromatography mass spectrometry, enzymetic activity determination,genomic mutation analysis,tandem mass spectrometry was used for 2 566 children with high risk of genetic inborn metabolism diseases to confirm the diagnosis of organic acidemias. There sults were also compared among the patients with different diseases.Results Eighty-two patients were diagnosed as organic academia, including 44 patients with methylmalonic academia(MMA),10 with propionic academia(PA) 4 with biotinidase deficiency(BTD), and 2 with holocarboxylase sythetase deficiency. The propinoylearnitine(C3) level in all these patients was higher than the upper limit value of normal control(4.0 μmol/L). The ratio of C3/C0(free carnitine) and C3/C2(acytylcarnitine) also exceed the upper limit normal level in patients with PA and MMA. The level of glycine was also elevated in PA patients but normal in MMA patients.While the 3-hydyoxyl-isovalerylcarnitine (C5一OH) level increased significantly in the patients with BTD and holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Inaddition,increased C5-OH were also identified in patients with 3-methyl- crotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency(MCC, 5 cases),3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAlyase deficiency(HMG,3 cases), and beta—ketothiolase deficiency (BKT,4 cases). C5-OH was the only finding in the former two diseases.But in patients with BKT, senecioyl-carnitine was also elevated significantly. Only was the isovalerylcarnitine level increased in 5 cases of isovalerie acidemias.In 3 cases with glutaric acidemia type I, only was glutarylcarnitine increased. But in 2 cases with glutaric acidemia type II,variety of the aeylearnitines was also increased.Conclusions The organic acidemlas can be identified by analysis of aeyleamitines amino acids and the ratio of acylcarnitines with tandem mass spectrometry,which can also be used for differential diagnosis of various types of organic acidemias. But,in some patients with organic academia,the diagnosis should be confirmed with the organic acid analysis using urine gas—chromatography mass spectrometry.
Key words: tandem mass spectrometry; organic acidemias; acylcarnitines; differential diagnosis
J Clin Pediatr,2006,24(12):970-974
近几年串联质谱技术(tandem mass spectrometry,MS/MS)和气相色谱质谱技术(gas—chromatography mass spectrometry,GC—MS)已广泛应用于遗传代谢病的诊断和新生儿筛查I,许多既往难以诊断的疾病通过这二项技术得以明确诊断。MS/MS是通过检测干血滤纸片中氨基酸和酰基肉碱水平,检测不同的氨基酸、有机酸和脂肪酸代谢病[3,4]。GC—MS主要通过检测尿中有机酸水平,检测不同的有机酸血症,对部分氨基酸和脂肪酸代谢病有提示作用[5]。本研究对我室近3年确诊的82例有机酸血症的串联质谱检测结果进行分析,探讨串联质谱在有机酸血症诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用。
1对象与方法
1.1 对象 临床疑似遗传性代谢病儿童2566例,来自全国80余所医院,其中男l642例,女924例,年龄1d~18岁。健康儿童1480例,男895例,女585例,平均年龄5.3岁。标本采集用于血滤纸片法,手指采血或静脉抽血,滴于专用采血滤纸(S&S 903#)上晾干后送检。
1.2 方法 串联质谱检测干血滤纸片中酰基肉碱和氨基酸的方法参考文献报道的方法[4.6],干血滤纸片经含酰基肉碱和氨基酸内标的甲醇萃取,盐酸正丁醇衍生后,即可上样检测。质控样品采用美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)新牛儿筛查质控部门提供的串联质谱酰基肉碱血滤纸片。
1.3有机酸血症的诊断 串联质谱检测的酰基肉碱和氨基酸正常上、下限值取l480例健康儿童的第99.8和0.002百分位,参考美国CDC报告的参考值进行设定。各型有机酸血症的诊断,依据串联质谱特异性酰基肉碱谱分析,结合尿气相色谱质谱有机酸分析、酶活性测定和基因突变分析进行确诊。
1.4 统计学处理 应用 SPSS13.0统计软件进行统计,分析不同有机酸血症问串联质谱检测的异常参数的差异。
2 结果
2.1 串联质谱检测结果确诊有机酸血症患儿82例(3.2%),男51例,女31例;年龄中位数为1.4岁(3d—15岁)。其中甲基丙二酸血症(methylmalonic acidemia,MMA)44例,丙酸血症(propionicacidemia,PA)10例,生物素酶缺乏症4例,全羧化酶合成酶缺乏症2例,3一甲基巴豆酰辅酶A羧化酶缺乏症 (3一 methylcrotonyl—CoA carboxylase deficiency,MCC)5例,3一羟基一3一甲基戊二酰辅酶A裂解酶缺乏症 (3一 hydroxy一3 一methylglutaryl —CoA lyase deficiency.HMG)3例 ,B-酮硫解酶缺乏症 (B—ketothiolase deficiency,BKT)4例,异戊酸血症 (Isovaleric acidemia, IVA)5例,戊二酸血症(glutaric acidemia,GA)一I型3例,GA-II型2例。
2.2 MMA、PA、生物素酶缺乏症和全羧化酶合成酶缺乏症患儿串联质谱结果比较串联质谱结果见表1。这4种疾病患儿的丙酰肉碱(propionylearnitine,C3)水平均显著高于健康儿童上限值。MMA患儿C3均值低于PA患儿,差异有统计学意义(t=3.008,P<0.05),C3/C0和C3/C2比值两者比较差异无统计学意义,MMA患儿血Gly水平正常。PA患儿同时伴有Gly增高,与MMA患儿比较,差异有统计学意义(t=8.812,P<0.001)。生物素酶缺乏症和全羧化酶合成酶缺乏症患儿同时伴有C5一OH显著增高,其C3水平低于PA患儿(t分别为2.212和2.673,P<0.05),与MMA患儿比较差异无统计学意义。C3/C0和C3/C2比值低于MMA患儿与PA患儿,差异有统计学意义。
2.3 生物素酶缺乏症、全羧化酶合成酶缺乏症、MCC、HMG和BKT串联质谱结果比较串联质谱结果见表2。这5种疾病患儿血C5一OH水半均高于健康儿童上限值。MCC、HMG患儿仅表现为C5-OH水平增高,不伴有其他酰基肉碱异常。生物素酶缺乏症和全羧化酶合成酶缺乏症同时伴有C3增高。BKT同时伴有异戊烯酰基内碱(senecioylcarnitine,C5:1)增高。
2.4 IVA、GA—I和GA—lI患儿串联质谱结果5例IVA患儿仅表现为异戊酰肉碱(isovalerylcarnitine,C5)水平增高[(5.3±4.5)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.4μmol/L],不伴有其他酰基肉碱或氨基酸异常。GA-I患儿仅表现为戊二酰肉碱(glutarylcarnitine,C5DC)水平增高f(2.1±1.8)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.1μmol/L1,且C5DC/C8(辛酰肉碱)比值增高(19.7-4-19.0,上限值<1.5)。2例GA一Ⅱ患儿表现为多种酰基肉碱水平增高,包括丁酰肉碱[C4,(2.0_-4-1.4)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.6μmol/L]、C5[(1.3±0.8)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.4μmol/L]、己酰肉碱[C6,(1.0±0.1)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.15μmol/LJ、C8 [(1.8±0.3)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.25μmol/Ll、任酰肉碱[ClO,(2.7±0.5)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.4μmol/L]、癸酰肉碱[Cl2,(1.3±0.8)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.2μmol/L]、棕榈酰肉碱[C14,(1.3±0.5)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.25μmol/L)、棕榈烯酰肉碱[C14:1,(1.6±0.8)μmol/L,正常上限值<0.2μmol/L]和十六碳烯酰肉碱[C16:1,(1.0±0.4)μmol/L,正常上限值μ<0.2μmol/L。
2.5 串联质谱图不同患儿串联质谱图见图1。从质谱中可以看出不同有机酸血症,其相应的酰基肉碱离子峰显著增高。
3 讨论
有机酸血症是一组遗传代谢病,临床表现和常规生化检测结果相似,难以进行鉴别诊断。有机酸血症患儿体内蓄积大量的有机酸及其代谢产物,多种酰基辅酶A和酰基肉碱浓度增高。串联质谱技术能够通过榆测患儿干血滤纸片中不同的酰基肉碱水平,对有机酸血症进行诊断和鉴别诊断[7]。由于不同的有机酸血症可能导致相同的酰基肉碱增高,故对串联质谱检测结果需综合分析才能作出可靠的诊断。
对于串联质谱枪测的酰基肉碱谱仅有C3增高患儿,首先应分析是否伴有C3/C0或C3/C2比值增高,以便排除C3增高假阳性,其次分析是否伴有Gly增高。若伴有Gly增高高度提示PA,不伴有Gly增高高度提示MMA。至于MMA患儿甲基丙二酰肉碱并不增高的原因,可能与甲基丙二酰肉碱不易离子化有关[8]。已有报道通过改变方法能够用串联质谱直接检测血浆巾甲基丙二酸水平,诊断MMA[9]。且最近有报道利用串联质谱检测孕妇羊水中MMA对胎儿进行产前渗断_l删。由于MMA间接导致C3增高,故增高的程度不如PA患儿,与Chace等[8]报道的一致。另外MMA患儿在病情危重期间,或营养不良时,由于体内肉碱不足,所有酰基肉碱水平均较低,C3值可能低于上限值,但C3/C0或C3/C2值仍增高,且串联质谱图显示C3显著增高,故在C3绝对值不高时,C3/C0或C3/C2增高,需结合串联质谱图诊断MMA。对于C3与C5-OH同时增高患儿可诊断为多种羧化酶缺乏症,但不能区分生物素酶缺乏症与全羧化酶合成酶缺乏症,需进行生物素酶活性测定进行鉴别。
本研究对C5-OH增高患儿分析发现,5例MCC和3例HMG仅表现为C5-OH增高,根据发病机制C5-0H增高还可提示3-甲基戊烯二酰辅酶A水解酶缺乏症,本研究未发现该病患儿。Koeberl等[11]报道利用串联质谱技术在美国北佛罗里达州筛查出的8例C5-OH增高的新生儿,均确诊为3-MCC,表明在这三种疾病中,3-MCC的发病率可能较高。对这三种疾病串联质谱不能鉴别,需通过尿GC-MS有机酸分析进行鉴别。BKT表现为C5-OH伴C5:1增高,可以利用串联质谱进行诊断。
由于IVA患儿仅表现为C5增高,故可通过串联质谱进行诊断。GA-I患儿仅表现为C5DC增高,但为排除假阳性,结合C5DC/C8比值增高判断更可靠。Lindner等21利用串联质谱筛查605000例新生儿,确诊6例GA-I患儿C5DC增高同时,伴C5DC/C8增高,30例C5DC轻度增高不伴C5DC/C8增高的婴儿均证实为假阳性,提示GA-I的诊断需要C5DC和C5DC/C8同时增高。GA-II又称为多种酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症,表现为多种酰基肉碱增高,伴或不伴有C5DC增高。本研究2例GA-II患儿表现为多种酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症,不伴有C5DC增高,原因不明。GA-II患儿尿GC-MS有机酸检测显示戊二酸及多种二羧酸增高。二种技术结合更有助于GA-II诊断。
综上所述,串联质谱技术能够通过检测干血滤纸片中酰基肉碱和氨基酸水平,结合相关酰基肉碱的比值可以对MMA、PA、IVA、GA-I、GA-II和BKT进行诊断,可提示生物素酶缺乏症、全羧化酶合成酶缺乏症、MCC、HMG和3-甲基戊烯二酰辅酶A水解酶缺乏症,结合尿GC-MS有机酸分析进一步鉴别。(致谢:本研究得到全国各地的相关医师同行的支持,在此深表感谢!)
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(收稿 日期 :20o6—09—05)